The FLEC® has been validated and used in research for many years.
Below is a publication list of journal articles, abstracts, poster or oral presentations where the FLEC or CHEMATEC’s other products have been in focus.
If you have anything that can be added to the list, we encourage you to contact CHEMATEC.
2014 |
Poulhet, G; Dusanter, S; Crunaire, S; Locoge, N; Gaudion, V; Merlen, C; Kaluzny, P; Coddeville, P Investigation of formaldehyde sources in French schools using a passive flux sampler Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 71, pp. 111 - 120, 2014, ISSN: 0360-1323. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Emission rates, Formaldehyde, Indoor air, Mass balance model, Passive sampling, Public school @article{POULHET2014111,While indoor air quality issues have received increasing attention the past decades, detailed investigations of primary sources of indoor pollution are still difficult to carry out. There is a lack of analytical tools and measurement procedures to identify sources of pollutants and to characterize their emissions. Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous pollutant in indoor environments, which is known to lead to adverse health effects. This study describes a measurement procedure to apportion formaldehyde emissions from building and furnishing materials and presents a source apportionment study performed in French public schools. More than 29 sources of formaldehyde were characterized in each investigated classroom, with higher emissions from building materials compared to furnishing materials. Formaldehyde emission rates measured using passive flux samplers (PFS) range from 1.2 to 252 μg/m2/h, highlighting several strong emitters made of wood products and foam. Interestingly, the ceiling was identified as the main source of formaldehyde in most classrooms. Measured emissions and air exchange rates were constrained in a mass balance model to evaluate the impact of formaldehyde reduction strategies. These results indicate that formaldehyde concentrations can be reduced by 87–98% by removing or replacing the main source of emission by a less emissive material and by increasing the air exchange rate to 1 h−1. In addition, an intercomparison of total emissions calculated from (1) PFS measurements and from (2) measured formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates indicate that an unidentified sink of formaldehyde may exist in indoor environments. |
2009 |
Shinohara, Naohide; Kai, Yuya; Mizukoshi, Atsushi; Fujii, Minoru; Kumagai, Kazukiyo; Okuizumi, Yumiko; Jona, Miki; Yanagisawa, Yukio On-site passive flux sampler measurement of emission rates of carbonyls and VOCs from multiple indoor sources Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 859 - 863, 2009, ISSN: 0360-1323. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Air exchange rates, Boundary layer, Building material, Emission rates, Emission source, Flux, Formaldehyde, Toluene @article{SHINOHARA2009859,In indoor environments with high levels of air pollution, it is desirable to remove major sources of emissions to improve air quality. In order to identify the emission sources that contribute most to the concentrations of indoor air pollutants, we used passive flux samplers (PFSs) to measure emission rates of carbonyl compounds and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from many of the building materials and furnishings present in a room in a reinforced concrete building in Tokyo, Japan. The emission flux of formaldehyde from a desk was high (125μg/m2/h), whereas fluxes from a door and flooring were low (21.5 and 16.5μg/m2/h, respectively). The emission fluxes of toluene from the ceiling and the carpet were high (80.0 and 72.3μg/m2/h, respectively), whereas that from the flooring was low (9.09μg/m2/h). The indoor and outdoor concentrations of formaldehyde were 61.5 and 8.64μg/m3, respectively, and those of toluene were 43.2 and 17.5μg/m3, respectively. The air exchange rate of the room as measured by the perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) method was 1.84/h. Taking into consideration the area of the emission sources, the carpet, ceiling, and walls were identified as the principal emission sources, contributing 24%, 20%, and 22% of the formaldehyde, respectively, and 22%, 27%, and 14% of the toluene, respectively, assuming that the emission rate from every major emission sources could be measured. In contrast, the door, the flooring, and the desk contributed little to the indoor levels of formaldehyde (1.0%, 0.54%, and 4.1%, respectively) and toluene (2.2%, 0.31%, and 0.85%, respectively). |