The FLEC® has been validated and used in research for many years.
Below is a publication list of journal articles, abstracts, poster or oral presentations where the FLEC or CHEMATEC’s other products have been in focus.
If you have anything that can be added to the list, we encourage you to contact CHEMATEC.
2014 |
Vibenholt, Anni; Clausen, Per Axel; Wolkoff, Peder Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell “FLEC” Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 107, pp. 230 - 239, 2014, ISSN: 0045-6535. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aldehydes, FLEC, Floor dust, Indoor air, Ozone, Reaction rate @article{VIBENHOLT2014230,Ozone reacts with C–C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC–MS before and after ozone exposure. kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039–0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH. The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6–20%. The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7–C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. |
Vibenholt, Anni; Clausen, Per Axel; Wolkoff, Peder Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell “FLEC” Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 107, pp. 230-239, 2014, ISSN: 0045-6535. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aldehydes, FLEC, Floor dust, Indoor air, Ozone, Reaction rate @article{Vibenholt2014d,Ozone reacts with C–C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC–MS before and after ozone exposure. kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039–0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH. The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6–20%. The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7–C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. |
2011 |
Ham, Jason E; Wells, Raymond J Surface chemistry of a pine-oil cleaner and other terpene mixtures with ozone on vinyl flooring tiles Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 327 - 333, 2011, ISSN: 0045-6535. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ozone, Pine oil, Reaction products, Surface chemistry @article{HAM2011327,Indoor environments are dynamic reactors where consumer products (such as cleaning agents, deodorants, and air fresheners) emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can subsequently interact with indoor oxidants such as ozone (O3), hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals. Typically, consumer products consist of mixtures of VOCs and semi-VOCs which can react in the gas-phase or on surfaces with these oxidants to generate a variety of oxygenated products. In this study, the reaction of a pine-oil cleaner (POC) with O3 (100ppb) on a urethane-coated vinyl flooring tile was investigated at 5% and 50% relative humidity. These results were compared to previous α-terpineol+O3 reactions on glass and vinyl surfaces. Additionally, other terpene and terpene alcohol mixtures were formulated to understand the emission profiles as seen in the POC data. Results showed that the α-terpineol+O3 reaction products were the prominent species that were also observed in the POC/O3 surface experiments. Furthermore, α-terpineol+O3 reactions generate the largest fraction of oxygenated products even in equal mixtures of other terpene alcohols. This finding suggests that the judicial choice of terpene alcohols for inclusion in product formulations may be useful in reducing oxidation product emissions. |
2009 |
Ham, Jason E; Wells, Raymond J Surface chemistry of dihydromyrcenol (2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol) with ozone on silanized glass, glass, and vinyl flooring tiles Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 43, no. 26, pp. 4023 - 4032, 2009, ISSN: 1352-2310. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Dihydromyrcenol, Ozone, Reaction products, Surface chemistry @article{HAM20094023,The surface-phase reaction products of dihydromyrcenol (2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol) with ozone (O3), air, or nitrogen (N2) on silanized glass, glass and vinyl flooring tile were investigated using the recently published FACS (FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell) Automation and Control System). The FACS was used to deliver ozone (100 ppb), air, or N2 to the surface at a specified flow rate (300 mL min−1) and relative humidity (50%) after application of a 2.0% dihydromyrcenol solution in methanol. Oxidation products were detected using the derivatization agents: O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) and N,O-bis(trimethysilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The positively identified reaction products were glycolaldehyde, 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal, and glyoxal. The proposed oxidation products based on previously published VOC/O3 reaction mechanisms were: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptenal, 6-methyl-7-octen-2-one and the surface-specific reaction products: 6-methyl-6-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-one. Though similar products were observed in gas-phase dihydromyrcenol/O3 reactions, the ratio, based on peak area, of the reaction products was different suggesting stabilization of larger molecular weight species by the surface. Emission profiles of these oxidation products over 72 h are also reported. |